Medication Errors and
Adverse Events Bibliography

American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Drugs and Committee on Hospital Care. Prevention of medication errors in the pediatric inpatient setting. Pediatrics. 1998;102:428-430.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Suggested definitions and relationships among medication misadventures, medication errors, adverse drug events, and adverse drug reactions. ASHP Online. 1998;1-3. Available at: http://www.ashp.org/public/proad/mederror/draftdefin.html.

American Society of Health-Systems Pharmacists. Survey of Top Patient Concerns. Bethesda, MD. American Society of Health-Systems Pharmacists. 1999.

Andrews LB, Stocking C, Krizek T. An alternative strategy for studying adverse events in medical care. Lancet. 1997;349:309-13.

Arnold GJ. Clinical recognition of adverse drug reactions: Obstacles and opportunities for the nursing profession. J Nurs Care Qual. 1998;13:45-48.

Atkin PA, Stringer RS, Duffy JB, Elion C, Ferraris CS, Misrachi SR, et al. The influence of information provided by patients on the accuracy of medication records. Med J Aust. 1998;169:85-88.

Barr ML. The conduct of mishap investigations. ISASI Forum. 1999;1-5. Available at: http://www.awgnet.com/safety/library/conduct.htm.

Bartlett EE. Physicians' cognitive errors and their liability consequences. J Healthcare Risk Manage. 1998;18(Fall):62-69.

Bates DW, Leape LL, Cullen, et al. Effect of computerized physician order entry and a team intervention on prevention of serious medication errors. JAMA. 1998;280:1311-1316.

Bates DW, Spell N, Cullen DJ et al. The costs of adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. JAMA. 1997;277:307-11.

Bates DW, Teich JM, Lee J et al. The impact of computerized physician order entry on medication error prevention. JAMIA. 1999;6:313-21.

Bates DW. Drugs and adverse reactions: how worried should we be? JAMA. 1998;279:1216-1217.

Battles JB, Kaplan HS, Van der Schaaf TW, Shea CE. The attributes of medical event-reporting systems. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998;122:231-238.

Baylis F. Errors in medicine: nurturing truthfulness. J Clin Ethics. 1997;8:336-340.

Belkin L. Who's to blame? It's the wrong question. New York Times Magazine. June 1997;Sec 6:28-33, 44, 50, 63, 66, 70.

Berglund S. Systems failures, human error and health care. Medical Liability Monitor. 1998;1-4.

Berwick DM, Leape LL. Reducing errors in medicine: It is time to take this more seriously. BMJ. 1999;319:136-137. Available at: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/319/7203/136.

Best practices for hospital medication services. Health Care Advisory Board Fact Brief. 1998;12.

Bier VM, Haimes YY, Lambert JH, Matalas NC, Zimmerman R. A survey of approaches for assessing and managing the risk of extremes. Risk Analysis. 1999;19:83-94.

Billings CE. Some hopes and concerns regarding medical event-reporting systems: Lessons from the NASA safety reporting system. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998;122:214-215.

Blair E. Behavior-based safety: Myths, magic and reality. Prof Safety. 1999;44:25-29.

Blegen MA, Vaughn T. A multisite study of nurse staffing and patient occurrences. Nurs Econ. 1998;16:196 et al.

Bogardus ST, Holmboe E, Jekel JF. Perils, pitfalls, and possiblities in talking about medical risk. JAMA. 1999;281:1027-1041.

Bohmer R, Winslow A. The Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. HBS Case #699-025. Harvard Business School. 1999.

Bohmer R. Complextity and error in medicine. HBS Case Study #699-025. Harvard Business School. 1998.

Bovbjerg RR, Sloan FA. No fault for medical injury: Theory and evidence. U Cinn Law Rev. 1998;67:53-123.

Brazeau C. Disclosing the truth about a medical error. Am Fam Physician. 1999;60:1013-1014.

Brock-Utne JG. Near Misses in Pediatric Anesthesia. Woburn, MA: Butterworth Heinmann. 1999. ISBN 0-75067-018-5.

Brodell RT, Helms SE, Krishna Rao I, Bredle DL. Prescription errors: legibility and drug name confusion. Arch Fam Med. 1997;6:296-98.

Brown RW. Errors in medicine. J Qual Clin Prac. 1997;17:21-25.

Brown SL, Bogner MS, Permentier CM, Taylor JB. Human error and patient-controlled analgesia pumps. J Intraven Nurs. 1997;20:311-316.

Buerhaus PI. Lucian Leape on the causes and prevention of errors and adverse events in health care. Image: Jnl Nurs Schol. 1999;31:281-286.

Casarett D, Helms C. Systems errors versus physicians' errors: Finding the balance in medical education. Acad Med. 1999;74:19-22.

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration. Annual Adverse Drug Experience Report: 1996. 1997;16. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/dpe/annrep96/index.htm.

Chassin MR, Galvin RW and the National Roundtable on Health Care Quality. The urgent need to improve health care quality. JAMA. 1998;280:1000-5.

Chin TL. Using automation to reduce medication errors. Health Data Manage. 1997.

Chiodo GT, Tolle SW, Critchlow C. Disclosure of mistakes. Gen Dent. 1999;47:24-28.

Chung F, Mezei G, Tong T. Adverse events in ambulatory surgery. A comparison between elderly and younger patients. Can J Anesth. 1999;46:309-321.

CIOMS Working Group IV. Benefit-risk Balance for Marketed Drugs: Evaluating Safety Signals. Geneva, Switzerland: Council for International Organizations of Medical Science. 1998. ISBN 9-29036-068-2.

Clark RB, Graham JD, Williamson JA. Towards system-wide strategies for reducing adverse drug events. J Qual Clin Prac. 1999;19:37-40.

Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, et al. Adverse drug events in hospitalized patients: excess length of stay, extra costs and attributable mortality. JAMA. 1997;277:301-306.

Cohen JS. Ways to minimize adverse drug reactions. Postgrad Med. 1999;106:163-172.

Cohen MR (ed). Medication Errors. Washington, DC. American Pharmaceutical Association. 1999. ISBN 0-91733-089-7.

Cohen MR, Proulz SM, Crawford SY. Survey of hospital systems and common serious medication errors. J Healthcare Risk Manage. 1998(Winter);18:16-27.

Coleman IC. Medication errors: Picking up the pieces. Drug Top. 1999;143/6:83-92.

Colodny L, Spillane J. Toward increased reporting of adverse drug reactions. Hosp Pharm. 1999;34:1179-1185.

Couris RR, Tataronis GR, DePietro SL, DeBellis RA, Young CR for the Massachusetts Board of Registration in Pharmacy. Medication Error Study. 1999. Available at: http://www.state.ma.us/REG/boards/ph/phstudy/00phstd.htm

Cousins DM. Medication Use: A Systems Approach to Reducing Errors. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. 1998. ISBN 0-86688-522-6. Book review available at: http://www.ama-assn.org/med-sci/npsf/lit/bkrev2_2.htm.

Cullen DJ, Sweitzer BJ, Bates DW, Burdick E, Edmondson A, Leape LL. Preventable adverse drug events in hospitalized patients: a comparative study of intensive care and general care units. Crit Care Med. 1997;25:1289-97.

Davis NM. Drug names that look and sound alike. Hosp Pharm. 1997;32:1558, 1561-1570.

Davis NM. Drug names that look and sound alike. Hosp Pharm. 1999;34:1160-1174.

Dean BS, Barber ND. A validated, reliable method of scoring the severity of medication errors. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999;56:57-62.

Dörner D. Logic of Failure: Recognizing and Avoiding Error in Complex Situations. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley. 1997. ISBN 0-20147-948-6.

Dubios RW. Pharmacoeconomic decision making: A new type of medication error. West J Med. 1999;171:162-163.

Dunn EB, Wolfe JJ. Medication error classification and avoidance. Hosp Pharm. 1997;32:860-5.

Dwyer K. The role of human factors research in reducing medical errors: a conversation with Dr. Lucian Leape. Forum. 1997;17:Available at: http://www.rmf.org/w7395.html

Eland IA, Belton KJ, Van Grootheest AC, Meiners AP, Rawlins MD, Stricker BH CH. Attitudinal survey of voluntary reporting of adverse drug reactions. J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;48:623-627.

Elson RB, Faughnan, Connelly DP. An industrial process view of information delivery to support clinical decision making implications for systems design and process measures. JAMA. 1997;4:266-278.

Escovitz A, Pathak DS, Schneider PJ, eds. Improving the Quality of the Medication Use Process: Error Prevention and Reducing Adverse Drug Events. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press. 1998. ISBN 0-78900-458-5. Book review available at http://www.ama-assn.org/med-sci/npsf/lit/bkrev2_3.htm.

Feinstein AR, Horwitz RI. Problems in the "evidence" of "evidence-based medicine." Am J Med. 1997;103:529-535.

First Do No Harm: A Practical Guide to Medication Safety and JCAHO Compliance. Marblehead, MA: Opus Communications, Inc. 1999. ISBN 1-57839-035-4.

Fischer G, Fetters MD, Munro AP, Goldman EB. Adverse events in primary care identified from a risk-management database. J Fam Pract. 1997;45:40-46.

Fitzgerald WL, Wilson DB. Medication errors: lessons in law. Drug Top. 1998;142:84-93.

Fleischer L. From pill-counting to patient care: Pharmacists standard of care in negligence law. Fordham L Rev. 1999;68:165-187.

Fletcher CE. Failure mode and effects analysis: an interdisciplinary way to analyze and reduce medication errors. JONA. 1997;27:19-26.

Flynn EA, Barker KN, Gibson JT, Pearson RE, Berger BA, Smith LA. Impact of interruptions and distractions on dispensing errors in a ambulatory care pharmacy. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999;56:1319-25.

Fried SM. Bitter Pills: Inside the Hazardous World of Legal Drugs. New York, NY: Bantam Doubleday. 1999. ISBN 0-55337-852-X.

Gawande A. When doctors make mistakes. New Yorker. Feb1, 1999;40-55.

Gawande, A. No mistake. New Yorker. March 30, 1998:74-81.

Gholami K, Shalviri G. Factors associated with preventability, predictability and severity of adverse drug reactions. Ann Pharmocother. 1999;33/2:236-240.

Glavin MPV, Chilingerian JA. Hospital care production and medical errors: organizational responses to improve care. Curr Top Manage. 1998;3:193-215.

Golden MS. An incident reporting system documented at the point of service. J Healthcare Risk Manage. 1998(Spring);18:18-26.

Golz G, Fitchett L. Nurses' perspecitve on a serious adverse drug event. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999;56:904-907.

Gosbee J. Communication among health professionals: human factors engineering can help make sense of the chaos. BMJ. 1998;316:642. Available at: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/316/7132/642.

Gosbee J. The discovery phase of devise design: a blend of intuition, creativity and science. 1997. Available at: http://devicelink.com/mddi/archive/97/11/016.html.

Gosbee JW. Human factors engineering is the basis for a practical error-in-medicine curriculum. 1999. Available at: http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~johnson/papers/HECS_99/Gosbee.htm.

Greene J. From whodunit to what happened: an amnesty on errors? Hosp Health Networks. 1999;73:50-54.

Grossman E. The best medicine. Worth. Dec 1997;98-122. Available at: http://www.worth.com/articles/Z9801F03.html.

Hasagawa GR. Responsibility for medication errors. Am J Heath Syst Pharm. 1999;56:215.

Helmreich RL, Merritt AC. Cutlure at Work in Aviation and Medicine: National, Organizational and Professional Influences. Brookfield, VT; Ashgate. 1998. ISBN 0-29139-853-7.

Henry TR, Azuma L, Shaban HM. Learning and process improvement aftera sentinel event. Hosp Pharm. 1999;34:839-844.

Hirsch KA, Wallace DT. Software facilitation of root-cause analysis in healthcare organizations. J Healthcare Risk Manage. 2000;20(Winter):32-35.

Hollnagel E. Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method: CREAM. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science, Inc. 1998. ISBN 0-08042-848-7. Book review available at: http://www.ama-assn.org/med-sci/npsf/lit/bkrev3.htm.

Horton R. The uses of error. Lancet. 1999;353:422-423.

Hutchinson D. Getting to the bottom of a sentinel event. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999;56:2031-2032.

Institute for Safe Medication Practices and the Pediatric Pharmacy Advocacy Group. Draft guidelines for preventing medication errors in pediatrics. J Ped Pharm Pract. 1998;3:189-202.

Isaksen SF, Jonassen J, Malone DC, Billups SJ, Carter BL, Sintek CD. Estimating risk factors for patients with potential drug-related problems using electronic pharmacy data. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33:406-412.

JCAHO expectations regarding medication errors and adverse drug events. ASHP Update Qual Improvement. 1997;18:192-9.

Jha AK, Kuperman GJ, Teich JM, et al. Identifying adverse drug events: development of a computer-based monitor and comparison with chart review and stimulated voluntary report. JAMIA. 1998;5:305-314.

Johnson JA, Bootman JL. Drug-related morbidity and mortality and the economic impact of pharmaceutical care. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1997;54:554-8.

Kingston M. Breaking the culture of silence to minimize medication errors. 1999. Available at: http://ww1.best4health.org

Kingston M. The system is broken. Now who's to blame. 1999. Available at: http://ww1.best4health.org

Klein G. Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1998. ISBN: 0-26211-227-2. Book review available at http://www.ama-assn.org/med-sci/npsf/lit/bkrev6.htm.

Knox GE, Kelley M, Simpson KR, Carrier L, Berry D. Downsizing, reengineering and patient safety: Numbers, newness and resultant risk. J Healthcare Risk Manage. 1999;19(Fall):18-25.

Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS. To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington DC; National Academy Press. 1999. ISBN 0-309-06837-1.Available at http://books.nap.edu/html/to_err_is_human.

Kontogiannis T. User strategies in recovering errors in man-machine systems. Safety Sci. 1999;32:49-68.

Kraman SS, Hamm G. Risk management: Extreme honesty may be the best policy. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:963-967.

Lambert BL. Predicting look-alike and sound-alike medication errors. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1997;54:1161-1171.

Langewiesche W. The lessons of Valujet 592. Atlantic Monthly. March 1998:1-7. Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/98mar/valujet1.htm.

Lawrence D. Is medical care obsolete? Hosp Pharm. 1999;34:1395-1400.

Lazarou J, Pomeranz BH, Corey PN. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients. JAMA. 1998;279:1200-1205.

Leape LL, Cullen DJ, Demspey-Clapp M et al. Pharmacist participation on physician rounds and adverse drug events in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 1999;282:267-270. Available at: http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v282n3/full/jce90029.html.

Leape LL, Woods DD, Hatlie MJ, Kizer KW, Schroeder SA, Lundberg GD. Promoting patient safety by preventing medical error. JAMA. 1998;280:1444-1447.

Lerner JS, Tetlock PE. Accounting for the effects of accountability. Psych Bull. 1999;125:255-275.

Lesar TS, Briceland L, Stein DS. Factors related to errors in medication prescribing. JAMA. 1997;277:312-317.

Lesar TS, Lomaestro BM, Pohl H. Medication-prescribing errors in a teaching hospital. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:1569-1576.

Lesar TS. Errors in the use of medication dosage equations. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998;152:340-344.

Liang BA. Error in medicine: legal impediments to US reform. J Health Polit Policy Law. 1999;24:27-58.

Libuser CB, Roberts K. Risk mitigation through organizational structure. Org Manage Theory. 1998;1-27.

Lyles A, Zuckerman IH, DeSipio SM, Fulda T. When warnings are not enough: Primary prevention through drug use review. Health Aff. 1998;17-5:175-183.

Lyons R, Payne C, McCabe M, Fielder C. Legibility of doctors' handwriting: Quantitative comparative study. BMJ. 1998;317/7162:863-864. Available at: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/317/7162/863.

Macklis RM. Hidden perlis of automation and its effect on error reduction. Ambulatory Outreach. 1999;Fall:31-34.

MacPherson H. Fatal and adverse events from acupuncture: Allegation, evidence, and the implications. J Alt Complement Med. 1999;5:47-56.

McMullin ST, Reichley RM, Watson LA, Steib SA, Frisse ME, Bailey TC. Impact of a web-baes clinical information system on Cisapride drug interactions and patient safety. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:2077-2082.

Medication errors. Health Care Advisory Board Fact Brief. 1998;9.

Methodologies to weigh medication errors. Health Care Advisory Board Fact Brief. 1998;10.

Michalodimitrakis M, Christodoulou P, Tsatsakis AM, Askoxilakis I, Stiakakis I, Mouzas I. Death related to midazolam overdose during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1999;20:93-97.

Millenson ML. Demanding Medical Excellence: Doctors and Accountability in the Information Age. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 1997. ISBN 0-22652-587-2.

Minimizing Medical Product Errors: A Systems Approach. Food and Drug Administration. 1998;1-13. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/oc/workshops/errorssum.htm.

Monane M, Matthias DM, Nagle BA, Kelly MA. Improving prescribing patterns for the elderly through an online drug utilization review invervention. JAMA. 1998;280:1249-1252.

Morris MR. Preventing med errors. RN. 1999;62:69 et al.

National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention. Taxonomy of Medication Errors. National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention. 1998. Available at: http://www.nccmerp.org/taxo0202.pdf.

National Patient Safety Foundation. Public Opinion of Patient Safety Issues: Research Findings. Chicago, IL: National Patient Safety Foundation. 1997. Available at: http://www.assn.ama-org/med-sci/npsf/pressrel/finalrpt.pdf.

Nygaard, HA. Falls and psychotropic drug consumption in long-term care residents: is there an obvious association? Gerontology. 1998;44:46-50.

Optimizing the Medication Use Process: Opportunities for Pharmacy Leadership. Bethesda, MD. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1999.

Osborne J, Blais K, Hayes JS. Nurses' perceptions--When is it a medication error? J Nurs Adm. 1999;29:33-38.

Pathak DS, Escovitz A, ed. Assuring the safe use of medications: the drug approval process and improving treatment decisions. Clin Ther. 1998;20(C):C1-C140.

Perrow C. Organizing to reduce the vulnerabilities of complexity. J Contingencies Crisis Manage. 1999;7:150-155.

Phillips DP, Christenfeld N, Glynn LM. Increase in US medication-error deaths between 1983-1993. Lancet. 1998;351:1024-1029.

Pirmohamed M, Breckenridge AM, Kitteringham NR, Park BK. Fortnightly review: adverse drug reactions. BMJ. 1998;316:1295-1298. Available at: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/316/7140/1295.

Pool R. When failure is not an option. Technol Rev. July 1997; Available at: http://www.techreview.com/articles/july97/pool.htm

Raschke RA, Gollihare B, Wunderlich TA, Guidry JR, Leibowitz AI, Peirce JC et al. A computer alert system to prevent injury from adverse drug events. JAMA. 1998;280:1317-1320.

Rasmussen J. The concept of human error: is it useful for the design of safe systems? Anesthesia & Crit Care. 1998;1-11.

Reed L, Blegen MA, Goode CS. Adverse patient occurrences as a measure of nursing care quality. J Nurs Adm. 1998;28:62-69.

Roman K. Prevention of medication errors. Risk Reducers. 1997. Available at:
http://www.medicalprotective.com/medicalprotective/textsite/xiskredu.html

Rowe C, Koren T, Koren G. Errors by paediatric residents in calculating drug doses. Arch Dis Child. 1998;79:56-58.

Ryan KD. Driving fear out of the medication-use process so that improvement can occur. Am J Heath-Syst Pharm. 1999;56:1765-1769.

Sanks RJ. A pharmacy manager's perspective on a serious adverse drug event. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999;56:907-909.

Scheffler A, Zipperer LA eds. Proceedings of Enhancing Patient Safety and Reducing Medical Errors in Health Care. Chicago, IL: National Patient Safety Foundation. 1999. ISBN 1-57947-055-6.

Schiff GD, Rucker TD. Computerized prescribing: building the electronic infrastructure for better medication usage. JAMA. 1998;279:1024-1029.

Schiff GD. Computerized prescribing: steps to improve therapy. Hosp Pract. 1999;Aug 15:11-12,17-18.

Schneider PJ. A review of the safety of intravenous drug delivery systems. Hosp Pharm. 1999;34:1044-1056.

Schneider PJ. Creating an environment for improving the medication-use process. Am J Heath-Syst Pharm. 1999;56:1769-1972.

Schneider PJ. Five worthy aims for pharmacy's clinical leadership to pursue in improving medication use. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999;56:2549-2552.

Seeger JD, Kong SX, Schumock GT. Drug use insights: characteristics associated with ability to prevent adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients. Pharmacotherapy. 1998;18:1284-1289.

Selbst SM, Fein JA, Osterhoudt K, Ho W. Medication errors in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1999;15:1-4.

Sentinel events: approaches to error reduction and prevention. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 1998;24:175-186.

Shimp LA. Safety issues in the pharmacologic management of chronic pain in the elderly. Pharmacotherapy. 1998;18:1313-1312.

Smetzer JL, Cohen MR. Lessons from the Denver medication error/criminal negligence case: Look beyond blaming individuals. Hosp Pharm. 1998;33:640-657.

Smith A. Medical error and patient injury: Costly and often preventable. Parts I and II. AARP Public Policy Institute Report. 1998;1B35:Available at: http://research.aarp.org/health/ib35_medical_1.html

Stolberg SG. Death by prescription. New York Times. June 3, 4 1999.

Stone D, Patton B, Heen S.. Abandon blame: Map the contribution system. In: Difficult Conversations: How to Discuss What Matters Most. New York, NY: Viking Press. 1999;58-82.

Sutter TL, Wellman GS, Mott DA, Schommer JC, Sherrin TP. Discrepancies with automated drug storage and distribution cabinets. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1998;55:1924-26.

Task Force on Risk Management. US Food and Drug Administration. Executive Summary: Managing the Risks from Medical Product Use: Creating a risk management framework. 1999; Available at: http://www.fda.gov/oc/tfrm/executivesummary.html.

Tegeder I, Levy M, Muth-Selbach U, Oelkers R, Neumann F, Dormann H, et al. Retrospective analysis of the frequency and recognition of adverse drug reactions by means of automatically recorded laboratory signals. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;47:557-564.

Ukens C. Deadly dispensing: an exclusive survey of Rx errors by pharmacists. Drug Top. 1997;100-112.

Umiker W. Organizational culture: The role of management and supervisors. Health Care Supervisor. 1999;17:22-27.

US General Accounting Office. Adverse Drug Events: The Magnitude of Health Risk is Uncertain Because of Limited Incidence Data. Washington, DC: US General Accounting Office. 2000. HEHS-00-21

US General Accounting Office. Aviation Safety: Efforts to Implement Flight Operational Quality Assurance Programs. Washington DC: US General Accounting Office. 1997. RCED-98-10.

Victoroff MS. The right intentions: errors and accountability. J Fam Pract. 1997;45:38-39.

Vincent C, Knox E. Clinical risk modification, quality, and patient safety: interrelationships, problems, and future potential. Best Pract Benchmarking Healthc. 1997;2:221-226.

Vincent C, Taylor-Adams S, Stanhope N. Framework for analyzing risk and safety in clinical medicine. BMJ. 1998;316:1154-1157. Available at: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/316/7138/1154.

Walton R, Dovey S, Harvey E, Freemantle N. Computer support for determining drug dose: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 1999;318:984-990.

Weekes LM, Day RO. The application of adverse drug reaction data to drug choice decisions made by pharmacy and therapeutics committees. An Australian perspective. Drug Safety. 1998;18:153-159. Available at: http://www.medicalprotective.com/medicalprotective/textsite/xiskredu.html

Weideman RA, Bernstein, McKinney WP. Pharmacist recognition of potential drug interactions. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999;56:1524-9.

Weiner M, Gress T, Thiemann DR et al. Constrasting views of physicians and nurses about an inpatient computer-based provider order-entry system. JAMIA. 1999;6:234-244.

Weingarten S. Using practice guideline compendiums to provide better preventive care. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:454-458. Available at: http://www.acponline.org/journals/annals/02mar99/compend.htm  

Wilson DG, McArtney RG, Newcombe RG, McArtney RJ, Gracie J, Kirk CR, et al. Medication errors in paediatric practice: insights from a continuous quality improvement approach. Eur J Pediatr. 1998;157:769-774.

Wilson RM, Harrison BT, Gibberd RW, Hamilton JD. An analysis of the causes of adverse events from the Quality in Australian Health Care Study. Med J Aust. 1999;170:411-415.

Wu AW, Cavanaugh TA, McPhee SJ, Lo B, Micco GP. To tell the truth: Ethical and practical issues in disclosing medical mistakes to patients. Section 4: 1999-2000 Update: Risk Management. 1999. Available at: http://www.megls.cme.edu/material/florida/flmaterial52.htm

Wu AW, Cavanaugh TA, McPhee SJ. To tell the truth: ethical and practical issues in disclosing medical mistakes to patients. J Gen Intern Med. 1997;12:770-775.